Lawsuit Challenges ExxonMobil's Exploration and Production Activities in Guyana
A landmark lawsuit filed against Guyana's government, arguing that oil production fuels climate change, could bolster legal action as court cases involving energy companies and state authorities surge, according to lawyers and environmentalists.
The constitutional claim - the first of its kind in the English-speaking Caribbean - asserts that oil exploration and production led by U.S. oil major ExxonMobil off the South American country's coast is unconstitutional, said the case's lead lawyer Melinda Janki.
Filed by two Guyanese citizens in late May before the tiny nation's constitutional court, the lawsuit centers on the duty of the state to protect the environment for present and future generations, said Janki.
"We want to know whether this oil production is consistent and compatible with the right to a healthy environment," she told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
Janki, an international human rights and environmental lawyer in Guyana, said she hoped the case would encourage others to take similar action.
The lawsuit includes estimated greenhouse gas emissions from the offshore oil fields, citing data "as calculated by Exxon" in the company's environmental assessments, Janki said.
Carbon emissions from fossil fuel use cause global warming and also make the ocean more acidic, damaging Guyana's coral reefs and mangroves, she added.
"This is critical for our sisters and brothers in the Caribbean because they depend, as does Guyana, very heavily on the oceans for livelihoods," said Janki, adding it will likely take months for the judge to issue a ruling.
"It's citizens holding their government to account in the public interest... We are standing up for ourselves, standing up for our country, standing up for our region and standing up for the planet," she said.
Guyana's ministry of natural resources and the attorney general's office did not respond to emailed requests for comment.
The oil consortium led by ExxonMobil, which includes partners Hess Corp and the Chinese National Offshore Oil Corp (CNOOC-Nexen), has so far made 18 discoveries, containing about 9 billion barrels of recoverable oil and gas, in Guyana's Stabroek block, one of the world's largest reserves.
An ExxonMobil spokesman said by email that the company in Guyana complies "with all applicable laws at every step of the exploration, appraisal, development and production stages".
Assessments for each of Exxon's projects in Guyana "outline potential environmental impacts and mitigations", he added.
Vickram Bharrat, Guyana's minister of natural resources, said in April the government was committed to the "sustainable development" of its oil and gas resources "to enhance the lives of all Guyanese".
Oil production is expected to generate tens of billions of dollars over the years in much-needed revenue for the nation with a population of about 740,000.
Carroll Muffett, head of the Washington-based nonprofit Center for International Environmental Law, said the Guyana legal case would help "equip and support other people across this region who are fighting similar development" of fossil fuels.
"We are seeing a rapid evolution in the law and the foundations of each case become progressively much stronger," he added.
'EFFECTIVE' TOOL
Fossil fuel companies face growing pressure as activists go to court to hold businesses and governments accountable for the climate change impacts of their operations.
Legal cases have aimed to force governments to shift away from coal, oil and gas, and rapidly increase investment in renewable energy, as well as boost national emissions reduction targets under the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.
Last week, a ruling by a Dutch court against Royal Dutch Shell ordered the energy giant to reduce its planet-warming carbon emissions by 45% by 2030 from 2019 levels. Shell said it would appeal the decision.
Dennis van Berkel, legal counsel for the Urgenda Foundation, a Dutch environmental group, said the ruling was "groundbreaking", showing that litigation is proving to be one of the "most effective tools" to force action on climate change.
"Human rights and constitutional obligations still primarily rest on the state," he said. "However fossil fuel companies will see that they can't get away with just saying, 'well, we are doing what the law requires (of) us'."
Sam Hunter Jones, a lawyer with environmental law charity ClientEarth, said climate litigation worldwide looks set to focus more on the impacts on human rights as "fossil fuel investments are being challenged and scrutinized".
"We expect to see these kinds of principles used and developed further in cases brought before courts across the world," he said.
REGULATION ROLLBACK
Such principles are already well-established in Latin America, where a large share of countries have constitutions and regulations that recognize the right of citizens to a healthy environment and the rights of nature like rivers and ecosystems.
Caio Borges, coordinator of the law and climate program at the Brazil-based Institute for Climate and Society, said many South American countries already "have really good laws and environmental safeguards".
"Of course, there's a big gap and mismatch between the formal legal rules and the on-the-ground enforcement of these rules," he added.
Climate cases in Latin America have often been brought forward by indigenous peoples against the state for failing to protect the environment, including the carbon-storing Amazon rainforest spread across eight countries in the region.
Borges said he expected an increase in litigation as citizens put more pressure on governments to curb rising deforestation and accelerate action on climate change.
"In Brazil and in other countries of the Amazon, these cases will mainly be focused on land use," he said. "(They) will discuss how the preservation of the forest is essential for the achievement of climate commitment goals."
He predicted growth in climate litigation against governments and companies in resource-rich countries like Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Brazil that rely on mining and oil revenues, with youth activists playing a bigger role.
While climate cases in Latin America have so far mainly focused on holding governments to account, one Peruvian farmer has taken on German utility company RWE.
Saul Luciano Lliuya, from the town of Huaraz under the Palcaraju glacier that is pushing the waters of Lake Palcacocha higher, sued RWE in 2015 over its role in fuelling global warming.
Lliuya has argued that greenhouse gas emissions from RWE's coal-fired power plants are partly to blame for melting the glacier, producing water that threatens to flood his home.
In some Latin American countries, in particular Brazil, attempts are underway to weaken environmental regulation, Borges said.
"There is now a movement (across the region), which involves both state and corporate actors, lobbying governments to reduce the level of protection ... so a lot of this litigation is to seek the enforcement of existing rules," he added.
(Reporting by Anastasia Moloney; editing by Megan Rowling. Credit: Thomson Reuters Foundation)